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MERGE.
Last seen on: Irish Times Simplex – Jan 16 2020
Random information on the term “MERGE”:
Merge (usually capitalized) is one of the basic operations in the Minimalist Program, a leading approach to generative syntax, when two syntactic objects are combined to form a new syntactic unit (a set). Merge also has the property of recursion in that it may apply to its own output: the objects combined by Merge are either lexical items or sets that were themselves formed by Merge. This recursive property of Merge has been claimed to be a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes language from other cognitive faculties. As Noam Chomsky (1999) puts it, Merge is “an indispensable operation of a recursive system … which takes two syntactic objects A and B and forms the new object G={A,B}” (p. 2).
Within the Minimalist Program, syntax is derivational, and Merge is the structure-building operation. Merge is assumed to have certain formal properties constraining syntactic structure, and is implemented with specific mechanisms. In terms of a merge-base theory of language acquisition, complements and specifiers are simply notations for first-merge (= “complement-of” [head-complement]), and later second-merge (= “specifier-of” [specifier-head], with merge always forming to a head. First-merge establishes only a set {a, b} and is not an ordered pair–e.g., an {N, N}-compound of ‘boat-house’ would allow the ambiguous readings of either ‘a kind of house’ and/or ‘a kind of boat’. It is only with second-merge that order is derived out of a set {a {a, b}} which yields the recursive properties of syntax–e.g., a ‘House-boat’ {house {house, boat}} now reads unambiguously only as a ‘kind of boat’. It is this property of recursion that allows for projection and labeling of a phrase to take place ; in this case, that the Noun ‘boat’ is the head of the compound, and ‘house’ acting as a kind of specifier/modifier. External-merge (first-merge) establishes substantive ‘base structure’ inherent to the VP, yielding theta/argument structure, and may go beyond the lexical-category VP to involve the functional-category light verb vP. Internal-merge (second-merge) establishes more formal aspects related to edge-properties of scope and discourse-related material pegged to CP. In a Phase-based theory, this twin vP/CP distinction follows the “duality of semantics” discussed within the Minimalist Program, and is further developed into a dual distinction regarding a probe-goal relation. As a consequence, at the “external/first-merge-only” stage, young children would show an inability to interpret readings from a given ordered pair, since they would only have access to the mental parsing of a non-recursive set. (See Roeper for a full discussion of recursion in child language acquisition). In addition to word-order violations, other more ubiquitous results of a first-merge stage would show that children’s initial utterances lack the recursive properties of inflectional morphology, yielding a strict Non-inflectional stage-1, consistent with an incremental Structure building model of child language.