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Possible Answers: APR, RPM, MPG.
Last seen on: –NY Times Crossword 10 Jan 20, Friday
Random information on the term “APR”:
The Agrarian Party of Russia (Agrarnaya Partiya Rossii, Аграрная Партия России, АПР) is an agrarian political party in Russia. Founded in February 1993, it was among the earliest parties in the Russian Federation.
The party was founded by the Head of the Altai Republic Mikhail Lapshin and Governor of the Tula region, a former member of the State Committee on the State of Emergency of the USSR Vasily Starodubtsev. During their leadership the party was in Alliance with the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) and block the Fatherland – All Russia. The ideology of the party until 2008 was agrarian socialism and collectivism.
The party was founded and led by Mikhail Lapshin until 2004; the last leader of the party was Vladimir Plotnikov. In the State Duma election of December 1993, the Agrarian Party of Russia obtained 37 seats in the parliament and won 8% of the popular vote. Between 1994 and 1996 party member Ivan Rybkin was a speaker of the Russian parliament. In the State Duma elections in December 1995, the APR did not make it over the 5% threshold, obtaining only 3.78% of the vote. At the last legislative elections, 7 December 2003, the party won 3.6% of the popular vote and 3 out of 450 seats.
Random information on the term “RPM”:
Compact Disc Digital Audio (CDDA or CD-DA) is the standard format for audio compact discs. The standard is defined in the Red Book, one of a series of “Rainbow Books” (named for their binding colors) that contain the technical specifications for all Compact Disc formats.
The Red Book specifies the physical parameters and properties of the CD, the optical “stylus” parameters, deviations and error rate, modulation system (eight-to-fourteen modulation, EFM) and error correction facility (cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, CIRC), and the eight subcode channels. These parameters are common to all compact discs and used by all logical formats, such as CD-ROM. The standard also specifies the form of digital audio encoding: 2-channel signed 16-bit Linear PCM sampled at 44,100 Hz. Although rarely used, the specification allows for discs to be mastered with a form of emphasis.
The first edition of the Red Book was released in 1980 by Philips and Sony; it was adopted by the Digital Audio Disc Committee and ratified by the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 100, as an International Standard in 1987 with the reference IEC 60908. The second edition of IEC 60908 was published in 1999 and it cancels and replaces the first edition, amendment 1 (1992) and the corrigendum to amendment 1. The IEC 60908 however does not contain all the information for extensions that is available in the Red Book, such as the details for CD-Text, CD+G and CD+EG.
Random information on the term “MPG”:
MPEG-1 is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio. It is designed to compress VHS-quality raw digital video and CD audio down to 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making video CDs, digital cable/satellite TV and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) possible.
Today, MPEG-1 has become the most widely compatible lossy audio/video format in the world, and is used in a large number of products and technologies. Perhaps the best-known part of the MPEG-1 standard is the MP3 audio format it introduced.
The MPEG-1 standard is published as ISO/IEC 11172 – Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s.
The standard consists of the following five Parts:
Modeled on the successful collaborative approach and the compression technologies developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group and CCITT’s Experts Group on Telephony (creators of the JPEG image compression standard and the H.261 standard for video conferencing respectively), the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) working group was established in January 1988. MPEG was formed to address the need for standard video and audio formats, and to build on H.261 to get better quality through the use of more complex encoding methods. It was established in 1988 by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) and Leonardo Chiariglione.